Clinical Pediatrics

A pediatric pulmonologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating lung and respiratory disorders in infants, children, and adolescents. They manage conditions like asthma, pneumonia, chronic cough, cystic fibrosis, sleep-disordered breathing, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (a lung condition in premature babies).
Key Responsibilities:

Diagnosis: Using tests like pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays, and sleep studies.

Treatment: Prescribing medications (e.g., inhalers for asthma), recommending therapies (e.g., chest physiotherapy), and providing long-term care for chronic lung conditions.

Pediatric pulmonologists focus on ensuring children breathe better and maintain healthy lung function.

• Paediatricians should advise mothers to breastfeed their children exclusively or completely for the first six postpartum months instead of using formula, and then to introduce adequate, secure, and complementary foods as soon as possible in conjunction with continued breastfeeding as the best possible nutrition for the first postpartum year

A few of the disorders that paediatric nephrologists diagnose, treat, and manage include kidney failure, high blood pressure, genetic kidney diseases, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and anomalies in the urine, such as blood and protein. A physician who specializes in treating children with genital or urinary problems is known as a paediatric urologist. They can also take care of problems that develop in an infant's, child's, or adolescent's kidneys, bladder, urethra (the tube that permits you to urinate), and genital system. The urinary system, which includes both internal and external reproductive organs, aids in the removal of waste and poisons from the body through urination

A few of the disorders that paediatric nephrologists diagnose, treat, and manage include kidney failure, high blood pressure, genetic kidney diseases, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and anomalies in the urine, such as blood and protein. A physician who specializes in treating children with genital or urinary problems is known as a paediatric urologist. They can also take care of problems that develop in an infant's, child's, or adolescent's kidneys, bladder, urethra (the tube that permits you to urinate), and genital system. The urinary system, which includes both internal and external reproductive organs, aids in the removal of waste and poisons from the body through urination.

• Hernia
• Spinal Bifida
• Hypospadias
• Hydronephrosis
• Nocturnal Enuresis

kid or kid obesity is a developing global issue that has to be addressed due to the burden it creates on the child and adult health care systems (1). It makes sense to identify smoking, consuming a diet high in fat and sugar, and not working out as the main contributors to obesity in both children and adults. Childhood obesity has an effect on every organ in the body, and the number of young children who have diabetes is on the rise. Childhood obesity raises the risk of a multitude of illnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke, several cancers, social problems, and depression in adolescents. (2). A BMI of 85% to 95% is considered obese, and a BMI of 95% is considered extremely obese. Growth charts can be used to monitor growth over time. These charts are segmented by percentile curves to display the distribution of body measurements. Growth charts are available from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, which can be used to keep track of obesity.

if your child has problems with development, puberty, diabetes, or other hormonal and glandular problems, an endocrinologist can help. Chemical hormones have an impact on additional organ processes. For instance, a baby's growth and development are governed by hormones. Endocrine glands, including the pituitary gland, release hormones into the bloodstream. Endocrinology is the scientific discipline that focuses on these glands and the effects of hormones. Endocrinologists who treat children frequently deal with problems that are very different from those that endocrinologists who treat adults typically face. Specialized training is essential for working in environments that support child development and growth. Hormonal problems could last a lifetime. Endocrinologists claim that children and teenagers are affected by hormonal problems at every stage of development.

After completing his initial study in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the gynaecologist and paediatrician is a licensed physician who continues to receive education. The paediatric and adolescent gynaecologist primarily treats children, teenagers, and young women who have issues with gynaecological surgery. Gynaecologic problems can range from random puberty problems to new-born ovarian cysts. Children, adolescents, and adults with reproductive organ problems can get medical and surgical care. Complications of ERCP

             Liver Transplant Programs

Sphincter of Odd Dysfunction

Malignant Hilary Biliary Obstruction

Endoscopic Therapy of Pancreatic Disease

A paediatric emergency physician is an expert in treating very ill or wounded children and teenagers. A paediatric emergency physician has the training necessary to treat a variety of diseases that necessitate prompt medical attention. These problems are frequently serious, sometimes fatal.

Asthma

Pneumonia

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Near drowning

If your child needs substantial surgical or medical care for illnesses or problems involving the ear, nose, or throat, a paediatric otolaryngologist is qualified to provide that care. Many general otolaryngologists operate on children. However, several areas of the country offer more accessible specialized paediatric otolaryngology care.

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  Adenoidectomy


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  Caustic ingestion


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  Cricotracheal resection


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  Dec annulation


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  Laryngomalacia


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  Laryngotracheal reconstruction


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  Myringotomy and tubes


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  Childhood Sleep disorders - Alpena


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  Tonsillectomy
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Primary health care for children includes, among other things, first-line communication care and systematic management of health issues involving numerous professional services. Additionally, it entails giving medical care and other necessary services, keeping track of children's physical and mental growth and development, age-appropriate evaluations, the diagnosis and treatment of serious and chronic illnesses, the management of serious and life-threatening illnesses, and, when necessary, the transmission of more complex conditions. Children and adolescents receive family-centred, neighbourhood-based primary care that considers their needs, risk factors, and social sensitivity in clinical practice and care delivery strategies. In a "medical home," where complete, continuing, and affordable therapy is provided or supervised by a qualified professional, it is preferable to provide primary paediatric healthcare.

Even though some disorders observed in paediatric medicine are comparable to those in adults in some respects, many of these cases solely affect kids. Since the organs expand in stages and according to growth patterns, particular attention should be paid to the dynamics of the developing body, from premature babies to teenagers. The Children's Hospital, which is equipped with all the tools necessary to treat kids and their particular illnesses, must give this special thought and treatment.

• Unusual presentations of a disease

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   Unique or rare features of disease
• Therapeutic approach in childhood

• Latest variations in disease processes

• Management of new and emerging diseases

Pediatric radiology is a subspecialty of radiology focused on diagnosing and treating diseases and conditions in infants, children, and adolescents using medical imaging techniques. These techniques include X-rays, ultrasound, CT (computed tomography) scans, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), and nuclear medicine studies.

Here's an overview of the major aspects of pediatric radiology:

Tailored Imaging for Children

Radiation Safety: Children are more sensitive to radiation than adults. Pediatric radiologists carefully adjust the imaging protocols to use the lowest possible radiation dose while still obtaining clear diagnostic images. This approach is often referred to as "ALARA" (As Low As Reasonably Achievable).

Child-Friendly Environment: The radiology department is often designed to be less intimidating, with staff trained in child-centered care, making the experience less stressful for both the child and their family.

Common Imaging Techniques in Pediatric Radiology

X-rays: Used for diagnosing fractures, infections, and congenital anomalies. They are quick and relatively low in radiation.

Ultrasound: A safe and commonly used imaging tool, especially for younger children and babies. It helps visualize soft tissues and organs like the brain (in infants), abdomen, and pelvis.

CT Scans: These provide detailed images and are used in emergency situations, such as trauma or when a fast diagnosis is needed. The radiation dose is kept as low as possible.

MRI: This provides detailed images of soft tissues like the brain, spinal cord, and muscles without using radiation. It can take longer than other imaging techniques, but it offers a high level of detail.

Nuclear Medicine: Involves using small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and treat certain diseases. It is often used to evaluate kidney function, bones, and blood flow.

Pediatric infectious diseases focus on infections that affect children, emphasizing prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Common conditions include respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, and vaccine-preventable diseases like measles and mumps. The increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance poses significant challenges, requiring ongoing research and updated treatment guidelines. Vaccination remains a cornerstone of pediatric infectious disease management, significantly reducing morbidity and mortality rates. Emerging global health issues, such as the impact of climate change and pandemics, highlight the need for robust surveillance systems and coordinated responses to protect child health. Overall, advancements in medical research and technology continue to enhance the understanding and management of infectious diseases in pediatric populations.

Pediatric dentists have been dedicated to children's dental health from infancy to puberty. They are trained and equipped to take care of a baby's mouth, teeth, and gums throughout all stages of life. Baby teeth begin to erupt within the first six months of life. Children begin to lose their primary teeth by the time they are 6 or 7 years old, and secondary, permanent teeth eventually take their place. Children who don't receive the most basic dental care may grow up with diseases and decay that could cause them pain and problems for the rest of their life. Today, children are affected by childhood tooth decay, an infectious illness, five and seven times more commonly than by asthma and hay fever combined.

Your child will probably be treated by a Paediatric Oncologist if they are given a cancer diagnosis. Research and treatment for childhood cancer. The bulk of childhood cancers are different from adult cancers. Paediatric oncology is focused on treating cancer in kids, teens, and young adults. Doctors who specialize in treating children with cancer have undergone specialized training in caring for them and assuring their comfort during treatment.

·  Sarcoma & Lymphoma
 

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Neuroblastoma & Histolytic disorders
 

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Haemophilia and other bleeding disorders
 

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Aplastic anaemia/bone marrow failure
 

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Immune thrombocytopenia & Haemolytic anaemia

Innovations in pediatric care encompass a wide range of advancements aimed at improving health outcomes for children. This field integrates new technologies, treatment modalities, and approaches to enhance the quality of care provided to young patients.

Key Areas of Focus:

1. Telemedicine:

   • Expansion of virtual visits, allowing for greater access to specialists, particularly in rural areas.
   • Enhancements in remote monitoring for chronic conditions, enabling real-time health assessments.

2. Personalized Medicine:

   • Use of genetic testing to tailor treatments for individual children, particularly in oncology and rare diseases.
   • Development of personalized vaccines and targeted therapies based on genetic profiles.

3. Digital Health Tools:

   • Mobile apps for health management, including tracking symptoms, medication adherence, and growth milestones.
   • Utilization of wearable devices to monitor vital signs and physical activity.

4. Advancements in Medical Devices:

   • Creation of child-friendly medical devices and tools, such as smaller-sized instruments and specialized imaging equipment.
   • Innovations in surgical techniques, including minimally invasive procedures that reduce recovery time.

5. Integrative and Holistic Approaches:

   • Incorporation of mental health and wellness strategies into pediatric care, addressing the psychological aspects of health.
   • Focus on nutrition and lifestyle interventions as part of treatment plans.

6. Data-Driven Care:

   • Use of big data and analytics to track health trends and outcomes, informing clinical practices and public health strategies.
   • Implementation of electronic health records (EHRs) to streamline care coordination and improve communication among providers.

A style of child health care known as social paediatrics places the kid, their disease, and their health in the context of their community, environment, school, and family. The glossary simplifies vocabulary used to describe various facets of the practice of isolating or treating ill children while clarifying important social concepts for kids. The writers, who are all members of the European Society for Social Paediatrics, reached an agreement after a process of consultation to create the glossary. To offer a national viewpoint, child welfare doctors from outside of Europe are also featured.

The worst kind of childhood trauma that a child watches or experiences may qualify as child abuse. Many of the experiences kids have may be upsetting. This could manifest as aggression in intimate relationships, neglect, or harassment. This is what we call trauma in humans. Children can also experience traumatic events. Accidents, natural disasters, combat and war, medical procedures, or the untimely death of a parent or caregiver are a few of these.

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  Psychological abuse& child neglect


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  Adverse childhood experiences study


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  Disclosure and diagnosis


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  Prevention & treatment
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Pediatric Allergy and Infections involves managing allergic reactions and infections in children, whose immune systems are still developing.
Pediatric Allergies:
Common Types: Food allergies (e.g., peanuts, milk), respiratory allergies (e.g., pollen, dust), skin allergies (eczema), and insect/drug allergies.
Symptoms: Can include sneezing, rashes, swelling, and severe cases like anaphylaxis (life-threatening reaction).
Management: Avoiding allergens, medications (antihistamines), and immunotherapy (allergy shots).
Pediatric Infections:
Common Types: Respiratory (colds, flu, pneumonia), ear infections, strep throat, gastrointestinal (diarrhea, vomiting), and skin infections (impetigo).
Symptoms: Fever, cough, pain, diarrhea, etc.
Treatment: Viral infections need supportive care; bacterial infections require antibiotics. Vaccines help prevent many infections.

A pediatric ophthalmologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of eye conditions in children. They are trained to work with infants, children, and teenagers, focusing on eye health and visual development. Pediatric ophthalmologists are skilled in addressing a wide range of eye issues, including:

• Refractive errors (e.g., nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism).
• Amblyopia (lazy eye) and strabismus (misaligned eyes).
• Congenital eye conditions, such as congenital cataracts or glaucoma.
• Blocked tear ducts and other tear-related problems.
• Eye infections and injuries.
• Eye issues related to systemic conditions (e.g., diabetes or genetic disorders).

They are trained to use special techniques to examine and treat children who may not be able to articulate their symptoms clearly. Pediatric ophthalmologists often collaborate with other healthcare providers, including pediatricians and neurologists, to provide comprehensive care.