Endocrinology deals with the imbalances or disorders of Endocrine glands. These conditions if seen in children will be treated by a specialist called Pediatric Endocrinologist. Pediatric Endocrinology involves in the diagnosis and treating several abnormal conditions of endocrine glands, hormonal imbalances and growth problems in children. The major conditions treated under Pediatric Endocrinology are,

The Pediatric Urology is one of the key topics under surgery dealing with the disorders of genitourinary organs. The specialists dealing this subject are called Pediatric Urologists, will provide care and diagnosis to the infants, children, and adolescents and the Nephrology therapies involves the diagnosis of kidney internal structures and functions in children. These both systems together deal with the acute and chronic urological problems in newborns. The highly treated diseases are,

The study of children skin diseases titles as Pediatric Dermatology and deals with the disorders, infections and injuries. Complete care and diagnosis involve medication and therapies and surgeries such as laser therapy and cutaneous surgery. The various skin disorders in children include birthmarks, skin infections, dermatitis, melanocytic nevi, genodermatoses, acneform eruptions, rare forms of skin cancers, drug eruptions, viral exanthems, and collagen vascular disorders.

The subject Pediatric Rheumatology takes care of diseases and disorders in children at a variety of joints, muscles, bones. As a Pediatric rheumatologist, need to provide good child healthcare as all the organs undergo development and growth, more chances in the requirement of special medical care. Autoimmune conditions also differ when the immune system sends inflammation to areas of the body when it is not needed causing damage/symptoms. These diseases will also affect the eyes, skin, nervous system, and internal organs. Common diseases treated under rheumatology include osteoarthritis, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic back pain, tendinitis, and lupus.

Rehabilitation is required to the persons with irregularities in the physical, sensory, intellectual, psychological, and social functional levels. These irregularities mostly occur by birth as hereditary or due to neurological disorders in infants, brain injuries, and spinal cord injuries. The diagnoses are electromyography (EMG), Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS), the drug at an equivalent time, poor ingestion habits, or medical conditions like allergies, disorder or polygenic disease in children, will impair a child's womb-to-tomb health if left unrestrained. Medical dieticians work with youngsters, their oldsters and caregivers, to ascertain smart dietary habits Botulinum toxin. Some of the conditions can be treated under pediatric rehabilitation are,

Child Abuse -An omission of action which impacts negativity on the social and mental wellbeing of a child. The Child Abuse is also called as the Child Maltreatment, which explained that the words or overt actions causing potential harm or threatening harm to a child. It is also defined as an activity when a child is in need of protective intervention

The pediatric immunology explores the immune system disorders and deficiencies in infants, children, and adolescents. Beyond developing immunity levels towards a disease or disorder its extremes are called as autoimmunity levels, a state where the body reacts to antigens in its own body as if they were foreign substances altogether. Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are mainly caused due to external factors and internal immune disorders also. Due based on the immune factor some may effect and some may not. Some of the immune-related effects are hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, anaphylaxis etc.

In Pediatrics the developmental and behavioural issues include disorders in children’s learning, behaviour and development stages. Child mental health is just as important as their physical health. Some serious mental health problems are

Pediatric Dentistry also referred as Pedodontics’ mainly concerned with the teeth and associated structures of the oral cavity, including prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease and restoration of defective and missing teeth of children, infant and adolescent. It provides primary and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health care for infants and children through adolescence as well. Child tooth decay is the most seen problem in children as an example.

Pediatric orthopaedics is an efficient subject deals with musculoskeletal problems in childrenand will differ from the full-grown adult. It deeply evaluates and treats the bone or joint or muscle problems in a child under growing. As the child’s body is in a growing stage will respond quickly to injuries, infections, and deformities. In pediatric orthopaedics, the diagnosis to a child will be different from an adult, even for the same problem. General orthopaedic surgeries happen in children are,

• Limb and spine deformities noted at birth or after birth.
• Gait abnormalities
• Broken bones
• Bone or joint infections and tumours

Nutrition is a crucial element for a developing body, the Pediatrics. The perfect nutrition accomplishes the developing brains and bodies enabling them to influence their full potential. Also, the poor eating habits and medical conditions such as allergies, celiac disease or diabetes, can impair child health if left unchecked for a long term. Pediatric dieticians work with children, and their parents and caregivers, to ascertain smart dietary habits.

In general, Pediatrics is the branch of medicine deals with management and child healthcare, including physical, behaviour, and mental health issues. It also involves in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood illnesses, from minor health problems to serious diseases till the age of 21. Also involved in providing the preventative measure for healthy children and medical care for those who are ill and diseased. This subspecialty in deep diagnoses and treats the infections, injuries, genetic defects, diseases and dysfunctions.

Pediatrics Surgery undergoes diagnosis, treatment, and managing the children’s surgical needs. The surgery specialists deal with the child are Pediatric Surgeons, provides postoperative child surgical care to them from parental diagnosis through adolescents with congenital, acquired anomalies, tumours, trauma, and urologic problems as well. The pediatric surgery subsumes the developments in fetal surgery, adolescent bariatric surgery, minimally invasive surgery in children, and tissue engineering takes childhood surgery a step forward.

Every cell in the body has its own controlled system for growth, interaction, and lifespan. When a cell loses its growth control, interaction levels, it undergoes uncontrolled and irregular cell division or growth results in cancer. This cancer effects to any age group of people but the diagnosis will be differs based on the age group. Here in children, the cancer is studied as Pediatric Oncology. Children can be affected by cancer to any parts of the body and these childhood cancers occur in sudden without any symptoms but have a high rate of cure. The most listed type is leukaemia in children and also others include brain tumours, lymphoma, and soft tissue sarcoma. The diagnosis depends on the type of cancer and how advanced it is. Here are some types of diagnosis,

Pediatric Genetics is a subspecialty under a medical class Genetics, further classified on basis of age differentiation. In general, genetic disorders will affect any age group. In pediatric genetics, provides diagnostic services and genetic counselling to the child with a risk based on genes. The well-known genetic disorders in children are,

A pediatric otolaryngologist deals the child diseased conditions of ear, nose, throat, as they are the most delicate organs in the developing external organs. This subspeciality completely involves in the diagnosing the disorders and diseases of ENT related structures, head and neck, including the sinuses, larynx (voice box), oral cavity, and upper pharynx (mouth and throat) also includes otology/neurotology (ears, balance, and tinnitus), allergy, facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, head and neck, laryngology (throat), and rhinology (nose). The specialist treats these conditions called as Pediatric Otolaryngologist; he provides care for the diverse range of conditions by using both medical and surgical skills to treat the diseased.

Pediatric pulmonologists specialize in treating children breathing problems.

Common conditions include Asthma, Pneumonia. Services like Pulmonary Function Testing and Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy (FFB) are included under Pediatric Pulmonology. Pulmonary function testing is a non-invasive test can be done in different ways to work best for children of various ages. An FFB allows pulmonologists to look inside the lungs with a fiberoptic scope. This more invasive procedure is not surgery but does require sedation.

Pediatric Cardiology represents heart diseases in children. It is comprised of congenital and acquired heart diseases. The diagnosis involves effective medical and surgical therapies. Cardiac malformations are one of the major newborn birth defects which affect the infant mortality rate. This subtopic is a combined study of surgery such as thoracic surgery and/or vascular surgery and called cardiovascular/ cardiothoracic/cardiovascular thoracic surgery.

• Early approaches to heart malformations
• Modern beating-heart surgery
• Lung volume reduction
• Risks of cardiac surgery

The subspecialty Pediatric Neurology deals with child neurological diseases and neuromuscular disorders in infants, neonates, children and adolescents. In this age group the pediatric neurology girdles diseases and disorders of the spinal cord, brain, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, muscles, and blood vessels. It fundamentally deals with neuronal disorders and its diagnosis by complicate surgeries like Spinal Neurosurgery, Pediatric brain surgery, Traumatic Neurosurgery, and Pituitary Neurosurgery.

The case reports are the source of knowledge regarding disease and diagnosis in initial days. A child’s clinical case report contains complete information about disease symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-ups of the patient. Case reports also helpful for clinical practices which offer a framework for early signs of effectiveness and adverse activities. A case report is an initial document which help finds key signs and symptoms to make future diagnoses simpler.

Neonatology and Perinatology may differ slightly, but they can be judged together. Neonatology is involved in medical care for new-born and especially deals with the conditions like ill and premature. Perinatology is nothing but the study of Maternal-Fetal Medicine (MFM) which concerns the mother health issues and also fetus in prior or during the short period after pregnancy. Some of the complications are

• Fetal Anomalies
• Ultrasound Fetoscopy
• Pregnancy Complications
• Chorionic Villus Sampling
• Amniocentesis & Non-Stress Test

Pediatric Nursing, a medical practice focused on the care of newborns, infants, and adolescents along with their families. This subspecialty is especially embracing all scientific disciplines in eliminating suffering and improving child healthcare. Prevention and health education are the key factors of pediatric nursing. Pediatric nursing is a very special vocation which provides an opportunity to play a key role in a child’s life when that child needs care at the most.